打好Java入门基础
对于这个系列里的问题，每个学Java的人都应该搞懂。当然，如果只是学Java玩玩就无所谓了。如果你认为自己已经超越初学者了，却不很懂这些问题，请将你自己重归初学者行列。
问题一：我声明了什么！
String s = "Hello world!";
许多人都做过这样的事情，但是，我们到底声明了什么？回答通常是：一个String，内容是“Hello world!”。这样模糊的回答通常是概念不清的根源。如果要准确的回答，一半的人大概会回答错误。
这个语句声明的是一个指向对象的引用，名为“s”，可以指向类型为String的任何对象，目前指向"Hello world!"这个String类型的对象。这就是真正发生的事情。我们并没有声明一个String对象，我们只是声明了一个只能指向String对象的引用变量。所以，如果在刚才那句语句后面，如果再运行一句：
String string = s;
我们是声明了另外一个只能指向String对象的引用，名为string，并没有第二个对象产生，string还是指向原来那个对象，也就是，和s指向同一个对象。
问题二："=="和equals方法究竟有什么区别？
==操作符专门用来比较变量的值是否相等。比较好理解的一点是：
int a=10; int b=10; 则a==b将是true。
但不好理解的地方是：
String a=new String("foo");
String b=new String("foo");
则a==b将返回false。
根据前一帖说过，对象变量其实是一个引用，它们的值是指向对象所在的内存地址，而不是对象本身。a和b都使用了new操作符，意味着将在内存中产生两个内容为"foo"的字符串，既然是“两个”，它们自然位于不同的内存地址。a和b的值其实是两个不同的内存地址的值，所以使用"=="操作符，结果会是false。诚然，a和b所指的对象，它们的内容都是"foo"，应该是“相等”，但是==操作符并不涉及到对象内容的比较。
对象内容的比较，正是equals方法做的事。
看一下Object对象的equals方法是如何实现的：
boolean equals(Object o){
return this==o;
}
Object对象默认使用了==操作符。所以如果你自创的类没有覆盖equals方法，那你的类使用equals和使用==会得到同样的结果。同样也可以看出，Object的equals方法没有达到equals方法应该达到的目标：比较两个对象内容是否相等。因为答案应该由类的创建者决定，所以Object把这个任务留给了类的创建者。
看一下一个极端的类：
Class Monster{
private String content;
...
boolean equals(Object another){ return true;}
}
我覆盖了equals方法。这个实现会导致无论Monster实例内容如何，它们之间的比较永远返回true。
所以当你是用equals方法判断对象的内容是否相等，请不要想当然。因为可能你认为相等，而这个类的作者不这样认为，而类的equals方法的实现是由他掌握的。如果你需要使用equals方法，或者使用任何基于散列码的集合（HashSet,HashMap,HashTable），请察看一下java doc以确认这个类的equals逻辑是如何实现的。
问题三：String到底变了没有？
没有。因为String被设计成不可变(immutable)类，所以它的所有对象都是不可变对象。请看下列代码：
String s = "Hello"; s = s + " world!";
s所指向的对象是否改变了呢？从本系列第一篇的结论很容易导出这个结论。我们来看看发生了什么事情。在这段代码中，s原先指向一个String对象，内容是"Hello"，然后我们对s进行了+操作，那么s所指向的那个对象是否发生了改变呢？答案是没有。这时，s不指向原来那个对象了，而指向了另一个String对象，内容为"Hello world!"，原来那个对象还存在于内存之中，只是s这个引用变量不再指向它了。
通过上面的说明，我们很容易导出另一个结论，如果经常对字符串进行各种各样的修改，或者说，不可预见的修改，那么使用String来代表字符串的话会引起很大的内存开销。因为String对象建立之后不能再改变，所以对于每一个不同的字符串，都需要一个String对象来表示。这时，应该考虑使用StringBuffer类，它允许修改，而不是每个不同的字符串都要生成一个新的对象。并且，这两种类的对象转换十分容易。
同时，我们还可以知道，如果要使用内容相同的字符串，不必每次都new一个String。例如我们要在构造器中对一个名叫s的String引用变量进行初始化，把它设置为初始值，应当这样做：
public class Demo {
private String s;
...
public Demo {
s = "Initial Value";
}
...
}
而非
s = new String("Initial Value");
后者每次都会调用构造器，生成新对象，性能低下且内存开销大，并且没有意义，因为String对象不可改变，所以对于内容相同的字符串，只要一个String对象来表示就可以了。也就说，多次调用上面的构造器创建多个对象，他们的String类型属性s都指向同一个对象。
上面的结论还基于这样一个事实：对于字符串常量，如果内容相同，Java认为它们代表同一个String对象。而用关键字new调用构造器，总是会创建一个新的对象，无论内容是否相同。
至于为什么要把String类设计成不可变类，是它的用途决定的。其实不只String，很多Java标准类库中的类都是不可变的。在开发一个系统的时候，我们有时候也需要设计不可变类，来传递一组相关的值，这也是面向对象思想的体现。不可变类有一些优点，比如因为它的对象是只读的，所以多线程并发访问也不会有任何问题。当然也有一些缺点，比如每个不同的状态都要一个对象来代表，可能会造成性能上的问题。所以Java标准类库还提供了一个可变版本，即StringBuffer。
有点小问题
String s = "Hello";
s = s + " world!";
我认为是S 在原来的内存地址中存放 了他原来的值HELLO 并且添加上了WORLD! 其原来的HELLO值已经消失
S的地址始终没有改变。 因为在他定义一个STRING对象的时候 他所指向的内存空间就已经确定了
有点小问题
把他们的内存地址找到 就知道了
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